复合句或从句

什么是复合句呢？

英语复合句是由一个主句（Main Clause）和一个或多个从句（Subordinate Clause）构成的句子。主句是句子中的核心部分，能够独立表达完整的意思；而从句则不能独立成句，它必须依附于主句，通过连接词（如关系代词、关系副词、从属连词等）与主句相连接，共同构成一个完整的复合句。

复合句根据从句在句子中的功能，可以分为以下几类：

1. 名词性从句：在句子中充当名词的角色，可以作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。常用的连词包括“that”、“whether”、“if”和“what”等。
   • 主语从句：如“What he needs is more time.”（他需要的是更多的时间。）
   • 宾语从句：如“I know that she is a talented artist.”（我知道她是一位有才华的艺术家。）
   • 表语从句：如“The problem is when we can start the project.”（问题是我们什么时候能开始这个项目。）
   • 同位语从句：如“The fact that he is ill is known to us all.”（我们都知道他病了这一事实。）
2. 定语从句：用于修饰名词或代词，提供关于所修饰词的额外信息。常用的关系代词包括“who”、“whom”、“whose”、“which”和“that”，关系副词包括“when”、“where”和“why”。
   • 如“The girl who is singing is my sister.”（正在唱歌的那个女孩是我的妹妹。）
3. 状语从句：用于描述主句中的动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果等。常用的连词包括“when”、“while”、“because”、“if”、“so that”等。
   • 如“When he finished his work, he went home.”（当他完成工作后，他回家了。）

怎么判断一个句子是复合句呢？

在英语中，判断一个句子是否为复合句主要依据以下几个标准：

1. 包含多个子句：复合句至少包含一个主句（Main Clause）和一个或多个从句（Subordinate Clause）。主句是一个能够独立表达完整意思的句子，而从句则不能独立成句，它必须依附于主句存在。
2. 存在连接词：从句通常通过一个或多个连接词（也称为从属连词、关系代词、关系副词等）与主句相连。这些连接词在从句中起引导作用，表明从句与主句之间的逻辑关系。
3. 语法结构分析：分析句子的语法结构，找出主语和谓语，以及它们之间的关系。在复合句中，你可以找到至少两组这样的主语和谓语，其中一组属于主句，另一组或几组属于从句。
4. 理解句意：理解句子的整体意思，看看是否有多个信息点或思想通过连接词被整合在一起。复合句往往比简单句包含更多的信息和逻辑关系。

以下是一些判断复合句的例子：

• 包含状语从句的例子：“I will call you when I arrive.”（我到达时会给你打电话。）这个句子包含一个主句“I will call you”和一个时间状语从句“when I arrive”，它们通过连接词“when”相连。
• 包含定语从句的例子：“The book that you gave me is very interesting.”（你给我的那本书很有趣。）这个句子包含一个主句“The book is very interesting”和一个定语从句“that you gave me”，定语从句修饰主语“book”，通过关系代词“that”与主句相连。
• 包含名词性从句的例子：“I don't know what he wants.”（我不知道他想要什么。）这个句子包含一个主句“I don't know”和一个宾语从句“what he wants”，宾语从句作为“know”的宾语，通过连接词“what”引导。

综上所述，要判断一个句子是否为复合句，你需要寻找多个子句的存在、连接词的使用、语法结构的复杂性以及句意的整合性。通过这些标准的综合应用，你可以准确地识别出英语中的复合句。

什么是从句呢？

在英语中，从句（Clause）是一种含有主语（subject）和谓语（predicate）结构，可以表达完整意思的语言单位。从句不能独立成句，但它可以作为一个句子成分来修饰主句中的某个词、短语或整个句子。根据从句在句子中所起的作用，从句可以分为多种类型，其中最常见和重要的是名词性从句、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）。

怎么判断一个句子是从句呢？

在英语中，判断一个句子是否是从句，主要可以通过以下几个方面进行：

一、从句的定义

从句是句子结构中的一种成分，它不能独立成句，必须依附于主句，对主句进行修饰、说明或补充。根据从句在句子中的功能和作用，可以将其分为多种类型，如定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句等。

二、从句的特点

1. 不能独立成句：从句本身不能表达一个完整的意思，它必须依附于主句才能存在。
2. 有明确的引导词：从句通常由特定的引导词（如关系代词、关系副词、从属连词等）引导，这些引导词在从句中起关键作用。
3. 在句子中起修饰、说明或补充作用：从句对主句中的某个词、短语或整个句子进行修饰、说明或补充，从而丰富句子的表达。

三、判断方法

1. 观察句子结构：首先观察句子的整体结构，看其是否包含多个子句，以及这些子句之间是否有明确的连接词或引导词。
2. 识别引导词：从句通常由特定的引导词引导，如关系代词（that、which、who等）、关系副词（where、when、why等）和从属连词（because、if、when等）。识别这些引导词是判断从句的关键。
3. 分析句子成分：进一步分析从句中的主语、谓语等句子成分，看其是否完整，以及是否依附于主句存在。
4. 理解句意：最后，结合句子的整体意思，理解从句在句子中所起的作用，看其是否对主句进行了修饰、说明或补充。

四、具体类型及判断

1. 定语从句：如果从句修饰名词或代词，通常就是定语从句。例如，“The book that you gave me is very interesting.”中的“that you gave me”就是定语从句，修饰名词“book”。
2. 状语从句：状语从句在句子中充当状语成分，起副词作用。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等从句。例如，“When I get home, I will call you.”中的“When I get home”就是时间状语从句。
3. 名词性从句：包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。它们分别在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。例如，“It is important that we should protect the environment.”中的“that we should protect the environment”就是主语从句，用it作形式主语。

综上所述，判断一个句子是否是从句，需要综合观察句子结构、识别引导词、分析句子成分以及理解句意等多个方面。

名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子，功能相当于名词词组。在复合句中能够担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。

主语从句

在复合句中充当主语的句子。

从属连词：that、whether，在句子中只起到连词作用，不代表句子成分。

• That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 其中he ... short time为主语从句主语，surprised为谓语，us all为宾语。
• Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. 其中we will ... tomorrow为主语从句做主语，remains为系动词做谓语，unknown为表语。

连接代词：what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、which、whichever等，在句子中做成分是有意义的

• What he wants to tell us is not clear.

  其中 what he wants to tell us 是主语，is 是系动词，not clear 是表语。主语从句中 he 是主语，wants to tell 是谓语（动词短语作谓语，在这个短语中，“want”是主要的动词，表示一种意愿或需求，而“to tell”则是一个不定式短语，作为“want”的宾语补足语，说明想要执行的具体动作），what 是直接宾语，us 是间接宾语。

  主语从句的正常语序是“He wants to tell us what”，是一个主谓+双宾的结构。

  在句子“What he wants to tell us is not clear.”中，“What”被放在句首是因为它引导了一个主语从句，即“What he wants to tell us”。主语从句在句子中充当主语的角色，而“What”则是这个主语从句的引导词。

  主语从句是复合句中的一种，它位于主句之前，作为主句的主语。由于主语从句通常比单个的名词或代词更复杂，因此需要一个引导词来引导这个从句，以便让读者或听者能够清楚地识别出主句的主语部分。

  在这个例子中，“What”作为引导词，不仅引导了主语从句“What he wants to tell us”，还同时在从句中充当了“tell”的宾语，即“他想要告诉我们的内容”。由于“What”具有这样的双重作用，它就被放在了句首，以突出主语从句的重要性，并帮助读者或听者理解句子的结构。

  如果去掉“What”，句子就会变成“He wants to tell us is not clear.”，这在语法上是错误的，因为缺少了一个主语。而“is not clear”则变成了一个谓语部分，但它没有与之匹配的主语，导致句子不完整。因此，“What”在这里是必不可少的，它使得句子在语法和语义上都变得完整和清晰。

• What caused the accident remains unknown. 其中 what caused the accident 是主语，remains 是系动词，unknown 是形容词做表语，但是 what caused the accident 又是一个独立的主谓宾结构句子，所以 what caused the accident 被称为主语从句。

• Whatever I have is yours. 我的东西都是你的。

• Whatever he said is right. 无论他说什么都是对的。

• Whatever I have is at your service. 我所有的一切都供你使用。

• Who will win the match is still unknown. 其中 who will win the match 是主语，is 是系动词，still unknown 是表语。主语从句中 who 是主语，will win 是谓语，the match 是宾语。

• Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. 其中 who will be our monitor 是主语，hasn't been decided 是谓语，yet 表示时间状语。但是 who will be our monitor 又是一个独立的主系表（who 主语，will be 系动词，our monitor 表语）结构句子，所以 who will be our monitor 被称为主语从句。

• Whoever can control their emotions is truly powerful. 能够控制自己情绪的人才是真正的强大的。

• Whoever is happy will make others happy too. 谁快乐，也会让其他人快乐。

• Whom do you think is the most suitable candidate for the job? 在这个句子中，Whom引导了一个主语从句“Whom do you think”，它作为整个句子的主语。这个主语从句用来询问你认为谁是最适合这份工作的候选人。

• Whom the manager appointed as the new team leader surprised everyone. 这个句子中，Whom引导了一个主语从句“Whom the manager appointed as the new team leader”，它作为整个句子的主语。这个主语从句描述了一个由经理任命的新团队领导，而这个任命结果让每个人都感到惊讶。

• Which book he will choose is still unknown. 在这个句子中，Which book he will choose是一个主语从句，其中which作为关系代词，引导了一个包含选择动作（will choose）的从句，并作为整个句子的主语。句子表达的是“他将选择哪本书还未知”。

• Which city he wants to visit depends on his schedule. 这里，Which city he wants to visit同样是一个主语从句，which指代“哪个城市”，引导了一个包含愿望（wants to visit）的从句，并作为主句depends on his schedule的主语。句子表达的是“他想去哪个城市取决于他的日程安排”。

• Which approach is the most effective remains to be seen. 在这个句子中，Which approach is the most effective是一个主语从句，which引导了一个包含比较（the most effective）的从句，并作为整个句子的主语。句子表达的是“哪种方法最有效还有待观察”。

• Which candidate will win the election is a matter of debate. Which candidate will win the election作为主语从句，which指代“哪位候选人”，引导了一个包含预测（will win）的从句，并作为主句is a matter of debate的主语。句子表达的是“哪位候选人将赢得选举是一个有争议的问题”。

• Whichever book you choose, you must read it carefully. 在这个句子中，Whichever book you choose是一个主语从句，作为整个句子的主语。它表达了无论你选择哪本书，你都必须认真阅读的意思。

• Whichever team wins the game, they will receive a trophy. 这里，Whichever team wins the game是主语从句，表示无论哪个队赢得比赛，他们都将获得奖杯。

• Whichever method you use to solve the problem, the result should be the same. 在这个例子中，Whichever method you use to solve the problem是主语从句，强调了无论使用哪种方法解决问题，结果都应该是相同的。

• Whichever of the candidates is elected, they will face many challenges. 此句中，Whichever of the candidates is elected作为主语从句，表示无论哪位候选人当选，他们都将面临许多挑战。这里，Whichever还修饰了名词candidates，并与of短语结合使用，进一步限定了选择范围。

连接副词：how、when、where、why等

• When he was born was unknown. 其中 when he was born 是主语，was 是系动词，unknown 是表语。主语从句中 he 是主语，was born 是谓语。他什么时候出生不为人知。
• Where we come from is not important. 其中 where we come from 是主语，is 是系动词，not important 是表语。主语从句中 we 是主语，come from 是谓语。我们从哪里来不重要。
• Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 其中 where the English evening will be held 是主语，has not yet been announced 是谓语。主语从句中 the English evening 是主语，will be held 是谓语。英语晚会的举办地点尚未公布。
• Why these Russian statues are in a British museum is an important part of our lecture today. 其中 why these Russian statues are in a British museum 是主语，is 是系动词，an important part of our lecture 是表语。主语从句中 these Russian statues 是主语，are 是系动词，in a British museum 是表语。为什么这些俄罗斯雕像会出现在英国博物馆里，是我们今天讲座的一个重要部分。
• How he managed to finish the project in such a short time is still a mystery. 这句话中，“How he managed to finish the project in such a short time”是主语从句，询问他如何在这么短的时间内完成项目的方式，而“is still a mystery”是主句，表示这种方式仍然是个谜。
• How the company turned around its fortunes in just one year amazed everyone. 这里，“How the company turned around its fortunes in just one year”是主语从句，描述了公司在一年内如何扭转局面的情况，而“amazed everyone”是主句，表示这种情况让所有人感到惊讶。

有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语 it 代替主语从句，而把主语从句置于句末

1. It+be+形容词（clear、obvious、true、natural、surprising、good、wonderful、funny、possible、likely、probable、certain、fortunate）+that+主语从句
   • It was surprising that she survived from the disaster. 其中 she survived from the disaster 是主语，was 是系动词，surprising 是表语。it 形式主语代表 she survived from the disaster 主语从句。她从灾难中幸存下来是令人惊讶的。
2. It+be+过去分词（said、reported、believed、thought、expected、announced、confirmed）+that+主语从句
   • It is believed that about 14% of new cars can have electrical problems. 其中 about 14% ... problems 是主语，is 是系动词，believed 是表语，it 是形式主语。人们相应会有14%的新车会有电子问题。
3. It+be+名词（a pity、no wonder、an honor、a good idea、a fact、good news）+that+主语从句
   • It is no wonder that he should have succeeded. 其中 he should have succeeded 是主语，is 是系动词，no wonder 是表语。
4. It+seems/happens/appears/looks/occurs/turns out+that+主语从句
   • It appears that Call of Duty: Black Ops did not quit properly the time it ran. 其中 Call of Duty ... it ran 是主语，appears 是系动词。

练习

1. 选择适当的主语从句连接词填空

   • __ he will come to the party is uncertain. 此句需要表达“他是否会来参加派对是不确定的”，因此使用whether作为连接词引导主语从句。

   • __ you do is own decision. 此句需要表达“你做什么是你自己的决定”，what在主语从句中作do的宾语，表示“什么”。

   • __ make mistakes must correct them. 此句需要表达“无论谁犯了错误都必须改正”，whoever作为连接代词，意为“无论谁”，引导主语从句。

2. 改写句子，使用主语从句

   • It is important to eat a balanced diet.->Eating a balanced diet is important.
   • The fact that she won the competition surprised everyone.->That she won the competition surprised everyone.

3. 单项选择题

   • It is not a problem __ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.

     A. whether

     B. why

     C. when

     D. where

     此句需要表达“我们能否赢得战斗不是问题，只是时间问题”，whether引导主语从句，表示“是否”。

   • __ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.

     A. Where

     B. How

     C. Why

     D. When

     句需要表达“我们理解事物的方式与我们的感受有很大关系”，how引导主语从句，表示“如何”。

   • __ impressed me most about the movie was its visual effect.

     A. What

     B. That

     C. Which

     D. Who

     此句需要表达“关于这部电影最让我印象深刻的是它的视觉效果”，what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，表示“什么”。that在主语从句中无具体含义，只起连接作用，且不能作句子成分，故不适用；which通常用于引导定语从句，表示“哪一个”；who用于引导主语从句时，通常指人，且需在从句中作主语或宾语，但此句主语从句中缺少的是主语且不是指人，故不适用。

宾语从句

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

分类

1. 位于谓语动词之后
   • He didn't know what had happened. he是主语，didn't know是谓语，what had happended是宾语
   • Jenny told me that she would accept my invitation. Jenny是主语，told谓语，me是间接宾语，that she would accept my invitation是直接宾语。
2. 位于介词之后
   • Our success depends on how well we cooperate with each other. our success是主语，depends on是谓语，how well we cooperate with each other是宾语。
   • He is a good boy except that he is careless. 他是一个好男孩，只是有点儿粗心。
3. 位于形容词之后，常见形容词：sure（确信的）、certain（确定的）、glad（开心的）、pleased（愉快的）、happy（幸福的）、sorry（抱歉的）、afraid（害怕的）、satisfied（满意的）、surprised（吃惊的）
   • I'm sure that he'll be OK. I是主语，am sure是复合谓语，that he'll be OK是宾语。
   • I'm happy (that) I passed the exam. 我很高兴我通过了考试。

that引导的宾语从句

that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在句子中不作成分，在口语和非正式文本中可以省略。

• He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
• She doesn't know (that) she is seriously ill.
• I am sure (that) he will succeed.
• Studies show that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years. 其中 studies 是主语，show 是谓语，while girls ... years 是宾语从句。
• We must not think that we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 其中 we 是主语，must not think 是谓语，we are good in ... in nothing 是宾语从句。
• She says that she will help me learn English this evening. 她说今天晚上她会帮我学英语。
• He didn't know what had happened. 其中 he 是主语，didn't know 是谓语，what had happened 是宾语从句。宾语从句中 what 是主语，had happened 是谓语。
• Jenny told me that she would accept my invitation. 其中 Jenny 是主语，told 是谓语，me 是间接宾语，she would accept my invitation 是直接宾语。
• True leaders don't assume that it's their divine right to take charge every time two or more people get together. 其中 true leaders 是主语，don't assume 是谓语，that ... 是宾语。也就是使用一个句子来充当句子的宾语成分，所以称为宾语从句。
• She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。
• I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去的。
• I hoped (that) I would/should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。
• He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 我想他们会给他签证。
• He thought (that) they would give him a visa. 他本想他们会给他签证。
• I expect (that) the plane will be diverted. 我料想飞机会改变航线。
• I expected (that) the plane would be diverted. 我本料想飞机会改变航线。
• Everybody knows (that) money doesn't grow on trees. 众所周知，金钱是不会从树上长出来的。
• I suggested (that) they should/shouldn't drive along the coast. 我建议他们沿着/不要沿着海岸开车。

引导词that不可省略的几种情况

1. 从句的主语that时，that不能省略
   • We know that is an interesting film. 我们知道那是一部有趣的电影。
2. and连接的两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。
   • I believe (that) you have done you best and that things will get better. 其中 I 是主语，believe 是谓语，(that) you have done you best and that things will get better 是宾语从句并且第二个 that 不能省略。
   • He told me (that) they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 他告诉我他们决定不了去做什么并且问了我的意见。
3. 当it作形式宾语时
   • I think it necessary that we take plenty of water every day. 其中 I 是主语，think 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，that we take plenty of water every day 是宾语从句。（当 it 作形式宾语时）
4. 当宾语从句前置时
   • That our team will win, I believe. 其中 I 是主语，believe 是谓语，that our team will win 是宾语从句。（当宾语从句前置时）
5. that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。
   • I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。

由连词代词who、whoever、whom、whose、what、whatever、which、whichever和连接副词when、where、why、how引导的宾语从句

特殊疑问句作宾语从句时，由疑问词when、who、what、where、whatever、how、which、why等引导。宾语从句的词序一律用陈述句的词序，即“主语+谓语”词序。

• I think it's about how climate change affects everyday life. I是主语，think是谓语，it's是形式宾语，how climate change affects everyday life是宾语。
• A new study in mice may help to explain why hunger can feel like such a powerful motivating force. 其中 a study in mice 是主语，may help to explain 是谓语，why hunger ... motivating force 是宾语从句。why hunger can feel like such a powerful motivating force是陈述句顺序，其疑问句语序是why can hunger feel like such a powerful motivating force?。

1. 带有系统词be（is、am、are、was、were）的特殊疑问句。宾语从句“how old Liz is”是主句动词know的宾语。how在从句中作副词。注意从句的顺序，主句在动词前（Liz is）。
   • Do you know how old Liz is? 你知道莉兹几岁吗？
   • I know how old Liz is? 我知道莉兹几岁。
   • I don't know how old Liz is. 我不知道莉兹几岁。
2. 带有（情态）助动词is/am/are/have/has/can/should等的特殊疑问句。
   • When is Ann going to Iran? 安什么时候去伊朗？->Do you know when Ann is going to Iran? 你知道安什么时候去伊朗吗？ -> I don't know when Ann is going to Iran. 我不知道安什么时候去伊朗。
   • What should I do? 我该怎么办？->Can you tell me what I should do? 你能告诉我，我该怎么办吗？->Please tell me what I should do. 请告诉我，我该怎么办。
   • Where has Ron gone? 朗去了哪里？->Do you know where Ron has gone? 你知道朗去了哪里吗？->I don't know where Ron has gone.我不知道朗去了哪里。
3. 带有助动词do/does/did的特殊疑问句。
   • Where did I put my wedding ring?我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了？->Do you know where I put my wedding ring?你知道我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了吗？->I don't remember where I put my wedding ring.我不记得我把我的结婚戒指放在哪里了。
   • What does Sue think about Lulu?苏对露露的看法是什么？->Do you know what Sue thinks about Lulu?你知道苏对露露的看法是什么吗？->I know what Sue thinks about Lulu.我知道苏对露露的看法是什么。
4. 由于宾语从句要求陈述句语序，故而在从句中它变成了陈述语序。
   • How much does this coat cost?->I want to know how much this coat costs.
   • Where did you go yesterday?->Please tell me where you went yesterday.
5. 当疑问代词what、who在特殊疑问句中作主语时，该特殊疑问句本身就是陈述句语序，所以当该句用来做宾语时，语序不需要调整。
   • What's wrong with you?怎么了？->He asked the girl what was wrong with her?
   • What's the matter?怎么了？->He asked the girl what was the matter.
   • What has happened to him?->We want to know what has happened to him.

由if或whether引导的宾语从句

当从句部分是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时，常用if或whether引导宾语从句，if/whether意为“是否”。说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用see、ask、say、learn、tell、wonder、doubt、find out、be uncertain/doubtful/be not known等后，二者通常可以互换。口语中多用if代替whether。在非正式的写作中，可以使用if或whether两个词来表达不定性，两者都算标准。

• I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
• He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
• I wonder if/whether he is a driver. 我想知道他是不是司机。
• Alice wants to know if/whether she has passed the exam. 爱丽丝想知道她是否考试及格了。
• Lily asked if/whether she liked it. 莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
• I want to know if (whether) he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在这儿。
• He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 他问我是否可以帮助他。

一般情况下，if和whether可互换，在口语中多用if，而在以下几种情况下，只能用whether。

1. 与or连词分别引导两个从句时，或强调两方面的选择，特别时句中有or not时用whether，不用if。
   • I didn't know whether he had arrived in Beijing or not. 其中 I 是主语，didn't know 是谓语，whether he had arrived in Beijing or not 是宾语从句。
   • I don't know whether or not they will come. 我不知道他们是否会来。
   • I don't know whether he is wrong or she is wrong.
   • Let me know whether you can come or not.
   • I don't know whether he will win or not.
   • I will write to you whether or not I can come/whether I can come or not.
2. 在介词之后只能用whether引导宾语从句，而if则不能。
   • I haven't settled the question of whether I'll go back home. 其中 I 是主语，haven't settled 是谓语，the question 是宾语，of 是介词，whether I'll go back home 是宾语从句。
   • I don't know whether to go to the party. 其中 I 是主语，don't know 是谓语，whether to go to the party 是宾语从句。（后接动词不定时时）
   • It depends on whether I have enough time. 那取决于我是否有足够的时间。
   • Success depends on whether we make enough effort.
   • It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.
   • I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
3. 在动词不定式之前只能用whether
   • He doesn't know whether to go or not. 他不知道是否会去。
   • Please tell us whether to go there or stay here. 请告诉我们是去那里还是待在这里。
   • Whether to go or stay is still a question.
   • I'm not sure whether to stay or leave.
   • I didn't know whether to laugh or to cry.
4. 宾语从句置于句首表示强调时，用whether，不用if。
   • Whether this is true, I can't say.
   • Whether he is single, I don't know.
5. 在某些动词（如discuss、decide）之后，只能用whether，而不能用if引导宾语从句
   • We discussed whether we should close the shop.（虚拟语气）
   • We discussed whether we should go there by plane.（虚拟语气）
   • We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.（虚拟语气）
6. 在引导否定概念宾语从句时，只能用if，而不用whether。
   • He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.

用it作形式宾语

用 it 做形式宾语：动词 make, find, think, feel, consider, believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候，用 it 做形式宾语，将 that 引导的宾语从句后置

• I think it necessary that we take plenty of water every day. 其中 I 是主语，think 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，that we take plenty of water every day 是宾语从句。为了保持句子的平衡感才使用it作为形式宾语，其实等价的句子可以是I think that we take plenty of water every day necessary.。
• I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together. 其中 I 是主语，feel 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，that I haven't been to the get-together 是宾语从句。
• We thought it strange that Xiao Zhang did not come yesterday. 小张昨天没来，我们觉得很奇怪。

有些动词带宾语从句时需要在从句前加 it，常见动词：hate, take, have, owe, see to。

• I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food. 其中 I 是主语，hate 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，when they talk with their mouths full of food 是宾语从句。
• We take it that you will agree with us. 其中 we 是主语，take 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，that you will agree with us 是宾语从句。
• He will have it that our plan is really practical. 其中 he 是主语，will have 是谓语，it 是形式宾语，that our plan is really practical 是宾语从句。

宾语从句主句与从句时态一致

1. 如果主句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。
   • I know that he studies English everyday. 我知道他每天都学习英语。
   • I know that he studied English last term. 我知道他上学期学习了英语。
   • I know that he will study English next semester. 我知道他下个学期将要学习英语。
   • I know that he has studied English since 1998. 我知道他从1998年开始学习英语直到现在。
   • I remember he gave me a book yesterday.
   • He has told me that he'll leave for New York tomorrow.
   • I don't think (that) you are right.
   • Please tell us where he is.
   • Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
2. 如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去完成时），那么宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。
   • Our teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 其中主句使用过去时，从句使用过去完成时。我们老师告诉过我汤姆已经离开我去美国了。
   • Our teacher told us that Tom would leave us for America. 其中主句使用过去时，从句使用过去将来时。我们的老师告诉过我汤姆将要离开我去美国。
   • He told me that he would take part in the high jump.
   • He asked that time it was.
   • He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.
   • He asked if you had written to Peter.
   • He said that he would go back to the US soon.
3. 如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
   • All of us know that the moon moves around the earth. 其中主句使用一般现在时，从句使用一般现在时。
   • Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
   • Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.
   • He told me that the earth is round.

宾语从句中否定的转移：若主语谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine 等，宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转到主句的谓语上

• I don't believe he will do so. 其中 I 是主语，don't believe 是谓语，he will do so 是宾语从句。
• We don't think this dress fits you well. 其中 we 是主语，don't think 是谓语，this dress fits you well 是宾语从句。
• I think he can't come this evening.（错误） -> I don't think he can come this evening.（正确）我认为今晚他不能来。
• He doesn't think we are in the classroom now.（错误） -> He thinks we are not in the classroom now.（正确）他认为我们现在不在教室里。

如果宾语从句中含有否定意义的副词或形容词。如：hardly、never、seldom、no、few、little等，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。

• We find that he seldom goes to visit his mother, does he? 我们发现他不常看望他的妈妈，是吗？

同位语从句

对其前面的抽象名词进行解析说明，在语法上与被解析的部分处于同等地位。

名词作同位语

• Mr. Wang, my child's teacher, will be visiting us next Monday. 其中 Mr. Wang 是主语，my child's teacher 是 Mr. Wang 的同位语进一步说明 Mr. Wang 是我孩子的老师，will be visiting 是谓语，us 是宾语，next Monday 是时间状语。

名词短语作同位语

• I come from Shanghai, a modern city. 其中 I 是主语，come 是谓语，from Shanghai 是状语，a modern city 是同位语进一步说明 Shanghai。

直接引语作同位语

• But now the question comes to their minds: "did she die young because she was a clone?" 其中 the question 主语，comes to 是谓语，their minds 是宾语，did she die young because she was a clone? 是 the question 的同位语。

同位语从句通常由that引导，另有whether、who、what、when、where、how引导。常见的名词需要使用同位语从句解析：advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word、tought

• I heard the news that our team had won. 其中 I 是主语，heard 是谓语，the news 是宾语，我听说了一个消息，使用同位语从句 that our team had won 解析什么样的消息。
• The news that we won the game is exciting. 其中 the news 是主语，is 是系动词，exciting 是表语，that we won the game 是 the news 的同位语从句。
• I have no idea when he will come back home. 其中 I 是主语，have no 是谓语，idea 是宾语，when he will come back home 是 idea 的同位语从句。
• The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 其中 the thought 是主语，came to 是谓语，him 是宾语，that Mary had probably fallen ill 是 the thought 的同位语从句。

表语从句

位于系动词之后，对主语进行解释说明。

名词作表语

• The man stood behind you was my uncle. 其中 the man 是主语，stood behind you 是定语用于修饰 the man，was 是系动词，my uncle 是表语。

代词作表语

• The book is mine. 其中 the book 是主语，is 是系动词，mine 是人称代词作为表语。

形容词作表语

• They are tough. 其中 they 是代词作主语，are 是系动词，tough 是形容词作表语。

数词作表语

• Alice will be twenty in June. 其中 Alice 是主语，will be 是系动词，twenty 是数词作表语，in June 是时间作状语。

不定式作表语

• My job is to teach you English. 其中 my job 是主语，is 是系动词，to teach you English 是不定式作表语。

引导词：that、what、who、when、where、which、why、whether、how、whoever、whichever、whatever

• My question is who will win the game. 其中 my question 是主语，is 是系动词，who will win the game 是who引导的表语从句。
• Our view is that if many people are living for longer, and are healthier for longer, then this will result in an inevitable redesign of work and life. 其中 our view 是主语，is 是系动词，that if ... and life 是表语从句。
• His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 其中 his suggestion 是主语，is 是系动词，that we should stay calm 是表语从句对主语 his suggestion 进行解析说明。句子属于主系表结构。
• Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feeling happier after crying. 其中the fact 是主语，is 是系动词，that people report ... 是表语从句。

形容词性的从句

定语从句

修饰名词、代词或者整个句子，被修饰的词叫做先行词。

当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持主谓一致。

• He is one of the boys who like playing basketball. 他是喜欢打篮球的男孩子之一。
• He is one of the boys who likes playing basketball. 他就是那个喜欢打篮球的男孩子。

引导词

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that、which、who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where、when、why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

who：修饰的先行词必须是人，在定语从句中作主语

• We recently caught up with yoga entrepreneur Leah Zeccaria, who put herself through the fire of change to completely reinvent herself. 其中 we 是主语，caught up with 谓语，yoga entrepreneur Leah Zeccaria 是宾语，who put herself through the fire of change to completely reinvent herself 是 yoga entrepreneur Leah Zeccaria 定语从句。
• The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong. 会上发言的人来自香港。

whom：修饰的先行词是人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。

• The gentleman (whom) you met just now is a famous writer. 其中 the gentleman 是主语，is 是系动词，a famous writer 是表语，whom you met just now 是定语从句修饰 the gentleman。

• He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 其中 he 主语，is 系动词，the man 表语，使用定语从句 whom/that I ... 修饰 the man。

whose：who的所有格，在定语从句中作定语，表示人或物的所属关系。

• I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world. 我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。

• Is there any room whose window faces to the sea? 其中 whose window faces to the sea 是 room 的定语从句，window 和 room 是所属关系。

  which：在从句中作主语或者宾语，做宾语时可以省略。

• This is the boy with whose help I have passed the difficult exam.

that：既可以代替人，也可以代替物。在从句中可以当主语或宾语，作宾语可以省略。

• Steering through change and facing obstacles brings us face to face with our fears. Leah reflects on one incident that triggered her fears. 其中 Steering ... obstacles 是主语，brings 是谓语，us 是宾语，Leah 是主语，reflects on 是谓语，one incident 是宾语，that triggered her fears 是 one incident 的定语从句。
• Some people regard professional change as an unpleasant experience that disturbs their career. 其中 some people 是主语，that disturbs their career 是定语从句修饰 experience。
• Anything that could be found has been used to repair the bridge.

which：在从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语时可以省略

• The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital. 在建中的这幢建筑将用作医院。
• Even if they could, SimpliSafe claims that its system is always evolving, and that it varies slightly from system to system, which means there wouldn't be a universal magic formula for cracking it. 其中 SimpliSafe 是主语（一个公司的名字），claims 是谓语，that its system ... evolving 和 that it varies ... system to system 是宾语从句，which means there ... for cracking it 是定语从句修饰前面整个句子。
• This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago. 这是我爷爷在40年前建造的房子。（定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用which/that，而不用where）（当先行词为地点名词时，如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。）

when：修饰的先行词是表示时间的单词，如 time, moment, month, day, year 在定语从句中作时间状语。

• He still remembers the days when he studied in France. 其中 he 是主语，remembers 是谓语，the days 是宾语，when he studied in France 是修饰 the days 的定语从句。
• He remembers the day when he joined the League. 他记得他入团那天。
• This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。

where：指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

• The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 其中 the house 是主语，has been pulled down 是谓语，where I lived ten years ago 是修饰 the house 的定语从句。
• This is the place where Lu Xun was born. 这就是鲁迅出生的地方。
• This is the place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。
• It is helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. 把孩子们放在一个能够让他们从不同角度看待自己的环境中对他们很有帮助。（当position、point、case、stage、situation、atmosphere等表示抽象地点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，则用where来引导。）

why：表原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

• Tell me the reason why you were absent yesterday. 其中 tell me 是祈使语气动词用原型，why you were absent yesterday 是定语从句修饰 the reason。
• This is the reason why he is late today. 这就是他今天迟到的原因。
• Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没有人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
• Is this the reason why(for which) he refused our help? 这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？

定语从句的位置

定语从句修饰名词或代词，它在句中的位置是紧跟在被它修饰的名词或代词后面。名词和修饰它的定语从句形成一个短语，在句子中作主语、宾语或表语。

• This is a girl who like dancing. 其中 who likes dancing 是定语从句修饰前面的 girl。
• The girl who likes dancing is my girlfriend. 其中 the girl 是主语，is 是系动词，my girlfriend 是表语，who likes dancing 是定语从句修饰前面的 girl。
• The journalist wants to interview the girl who like dancing. 其中 the journalist 是主语，wants to interview 是谓语，the girl 是宾语，who likes dancing 是定语从句修饰 the girl。

定语从句分类

限定性定语从句：与先行词紧密相连、不可分割，如果去掉从句，主句的意思就不完整或者不合逻辑。从句和主句之间没有逗号分开。

• A rat or pigeon might not be the obvious choice to tend to someone who is sick, but these creatures have some superior skills that help the treatment of human diseases. 其中 a rat or pigeon 是主语，might no be 是系动词，the obvious choice to tend to someone who is sick 是表语（who is sick 是定语从句修饰 someone），these creatures 是主语，have 是谓语，some superior skills 是宾语，that could help the treatment of human diseases 是定语从句修饰 some superior skills。句子中定语从句 who is sick 和 that could help the treatment of human diseases 是限制性定语从句不能从句子去除的，否则句子意思就不完整了。

非限定性定语从句：只是进一步补充说明或加以描述，去掉后主句的意思依然完整、清楚。从句和主句要用逗号隔开。

• My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. 其中 my cousin 是主语，went to 是谓语，Europe 是宾语，who is an engineer 是非限制性定语从句修饰 my cousin。
• Tom has two sisters, who are both nurses. 其中 Tom 是主语，has 是谓语，two sisters 是宾语，who are both nurses 是非限制性定语从句修饰 two sisters。
• Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
• That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around. 皮特要娶爱丽丝这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。（引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。）
• After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. 毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。（除which外，还可用when、where、who、whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。）

非限制性定语从句的引导词通常是 who, whom, whose, which 等词，引导的关系代词不能省略。关系副词 where 和 when 也能引导非限制性定语从句。that 和 why 一般不用于引导非限制性定语从句。

• "One of the reason (that) I find this topic very interesting is because my mom was a smoker when I was younger," says Lindson-Hawly, who studies tobacco and health at the University of Oxford. 其中 one of the reason 是主语，(that) I find this topic very interesting 是限制性定语从句修饰 one of the reason，is 是系动词，who studies tobacco and health at the University of Oxford 是非限制性定语从句修饰 Lindson-Hawly。
• Brands, which also owns Taco Belland Pizza Hut, has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5. 其中 Brands 是主语，has launched 是谓语，a chicken sandwich 是宾语，that costs around $5 是限制性定语从句修饰 a chicken sandwich，which also owns Taco Belland Pizza Hut 是非限制性定语从句修饰 Brands。
• Critics even complain that McDonald's, whose logo symbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup. These are things fast-food firms have learnt to cope with. 其中 Critics 是主语，complain 是谓语，that McDonald's should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup 是宾语从句，whose logo symbolises calorie excess 是非限制性定语从句修饰 McDonald's，

当非限制行定语从句修饰整个主句时，关系代词代替的是整个句子，视为一件事，从句中的谓语动词使用第三人称单数。

• The extra features are deemed unnecessary by the majority of shoppers, which probably reflects how these types of products are typically more expensive than regular toilet paper, even when on special offer. 其中 the extra features 是主语，are deemed 是谓语，which ... offer 是非限制性定语从句修饰前面主句 the extra features ... of shoppers，所以非限制性定语从句动词 reflect 使用第三人称单数。

关系代词和关系副词的区别

判定原则：在句子中做主语、宾语的是关系代词，作状语的是关系副词。

• This is the school where I studied 10 years ago. 其中使用where作为引导关系副词，因为从句where I studied 10 years ago中的where是作为状语成分。
• This is the school which was set up 10 years ago. 其中使用which作为引导关系代词，因为从句which was set up 10 years ago中的which是作为主语成分。
• This is the school which we set up 10 years ago. 其中使用which作为引导关系代词，因为从句which we set up 10 years ago.中的which是作为宾语成分。

当先行词时时间名词时，既可以用when引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用when引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。

• Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night? 你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗？（when在从句中作状语）
• Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm? 你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗？（that或which作spent的宾语）

that和which的区别

只能用that的情况

1. 先行词是不定代词all、few、little、much、something、nothing等
   • There is nothing that I can do for you.
   • That is all that I want to say. 那就是我想要说的。
2. 先行词被all、any、every、each、few、little、no、some等修饰
   • I have read all the books that you gave me.
   • This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
   • Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他唯一认识的外国人。
3. 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰
   • He was the first that gave us some advice.
   • The dinner is the most expensive meal that I have ever had.
   • He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
   • This is the most wonderful film that I have seen. 这是我看过的最精彩的电影。
   • Look at the apples. You can see the two that you gave me. 看这些苹果，你能看到你给我的那两个。
4. 先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰
   • He is the only person that I want to talk with.
5. 先行词既有人又有物
   • The character and event that the author described in his book are very interesting.
   • We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited. 我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下了深刻的印象。
   • I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
6. 以who、which开头的疑问句
   • Who is the man that sent the little boy home?
   • Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
7. 先行词在主句中作表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
   • It's a book that will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。
8. 主句是there be结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。
   • There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上的那本书是汤姆的。

只能用which的情况

1. 引导非限制性定语从句
   • The spend that money on other things, which stimulates the economy.
   • Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
2. 用于介词后，跟介词一起引导定语从句
   • China has hundreds of islands, of which Taiwan is the biggest one.
3. 先行词为that、those时，用which，而不用that
   • What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
   • This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

介词+which=关系副词。在此结构中，介词的选用有which所代替的名词在构成介词短语时与介词的固定搭配所决定

• in the year = in which = when
• at the factory = at which = where
• This is the house in which I lived two years ago. -> This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年以前住过的那间房子。

which所修饰的先行词作带有介词的动词词组的宾语。在这一结构中，介词的选用取决于句子中的动词词组或固定搭配

• This is the subject about which they might argue for a long time. 把句子拆开为两个句子This is the subject.和They might argue about the subject for a long time.
• The problem about that I consulted you has now been solved. 我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。（错误用法）-> The problem about which I consulted you has now been solved. 我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。-> The problem I consulted you about has now been solved. 我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。

名词/代词+介词+关系代词

• He has many friends, most of whom live abroad.
• However, he'll need to do so without tripping the anti-jamming system, the details of which he almost certainly does now have access to.
• We had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear. 我们开了一个会，会议的内容还不完全清楚。
• There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which a metals. 自然界中发现了103种金属元素，大都是金属。
• He may be late, in which case we ought to wait for him. 他可能要迟到，因此我们应该等他。

介词+whom：当关系代词代替的是人而不是物，并且在定语从句中作介词宾语时，要用whom

• They are girls with whom Shaun goes to school.

动词短语中的介词不可与动词分开提至关系代词前，常见动词短语：listen to、depend on、look into、take part in、catch up with、look at、pay attention to、look forward to

• This is woman whom Jacky will take care of. -> This is the woman of whom Jacky will take care.（错误用法）

定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句是形容词性从句，与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句是名词性从句，与先行词是同位关系

• This is the story that he told me. 这是定语从句
• This is the story that he was lost last year. 这是同位语从句
• The pressure stems from a mantra of modem medicine that patient care must be "data driven," and informed by the latest, instantly accessible information. that patient care must be "data driven,"是同位语从句
• An exercise releases hormones that can improve mood and relieve stress, which can also help learning. that can improve mood and relieve stress是定语从句

状语从句

充当状语的句子。分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等。位置比较灵活，位于句首和居中时要逗号分开，位于句尾可不用。

时间状语从句

说明主句动作或状态发生、存在的时间。

• when、while、as、whenever

  while：“与...同时，在...期间”，从句常用同时进行并延续性动词或表示状态的词

  • Don't talk loud while(as) others are working. 别人工作时，请勿大声说话。

  • She kept silent while I was learning. 其中 she 是主语，kept 是系动词，silent 是表语，while I was learning 是状语从句。

  when：“当...时”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，从句的动词可用延续性动词，也可用非延续性动词

  • It was raining when we arrived.我们到达时，天正下着雨。

  • When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.当你再读一遍这首诗，你就会更清楚它的含义。

  • It's cold when it snows. 其中 it 是主语，is 是系动词，cold 是表语，when it snows 是状语从句。

  • She remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer that a handful of minorities on campus. 其中 she 主语，remembers 谓语，that when she ... community 由 when 引导的时间状语从句用于修饰remembers。

  as：“正当，一边...一边，随着”表示两个动作同时发生或某事发生时，另一个动作随着发生了，强调随着

  • As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.随着时间的推移，他得理论被证明是正确的。

  • As time goes by, the pollution in this river is getting more and more serious. 其中 as time goes by 是状语从句。

  whenever

  • Whenever she had a cold, she ate only fruit. 其中 whenever she had a cold 是时间状语从句。

• before、after、since、till/until

  till/until：用于肯定句时，表示“直到...为止”，主句必须为延续性动词；not ... until/till表示“直到...才”，主句常用短暂性动词；till表示直到这个时刻后动作还将继续下去；until表示直到这个时刻动作就停止了；

  • We shall wait until/till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。

  • I didn't leave until/till she finished her homework.直到她完成作业我才离开。

  • Tony didn't announce the news until he was sure of it. 其中 until he was sure of it 是状语从句。

  • Go straight ahead till you reach the post office. 其中 till you reach the post office 是状语从句。

  since：“自...以来”，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时

  • I have heard lot of good things about you since I come back from abroad.自从我从国外回来，我已经听许多好的事情。

  before：在...以前

  • He must finish all the work before he goes home.回家之前他必须完成所有的工作。

  after：在...之后

  • Let's play football after school.放学后我们打篮球吧。

  • He will go to study abroad after he graduates from the college. 其中 after he graduates from the college 是 after 引导的时间状语从句。

  • After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). 其中 after you hear a question 是时间状语从句。

• as soon as、the moment、the minute、every/each time

  the minute

  • We will leave the minute he is ready. 其中 the minute he is ready 是状语从句。

• hardly、scarcely when、no sooner than、instantly/directly

  hardly

  • I had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. 其中 when the telephone rang 是状语从句。

  scarcely when

  • Scarcely had the noise died away when someone started to laugh again. 其中 when someone started to laugh again 是状语从句。注意：hardly、scarcely、no sooner 位于句子开头时，句子的主、谓语要倒装。

时间状语从句的时态问题：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句如果使用一般将来时态，从句使用一般现在时表示将来，即所谓的“主将从现”。

• As soon as I arrive in Beijing, I will ring you up.我一到北京就给你打电话。
• You'll fall behind the others unless you study hard.如果你不努力学习，你将会落后于其他人。

when、while、as引导时间状语从句的区别：when、while、as显然都可以引导时间状语从句，但用法区别非常大

1. when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。

   • Why do you want a new job when you've got such a good one already?你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？（get为短暂性动词）
   • Sorry, I was out when you called me.对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。（call为短暂性动词）
   • Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）
   • The students took notes as they listened.学生们边听课边做笔记。（listen为延续性动词）

2. when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。

   从句动作在主句动作前发生，只能用when

   • When he had finished his homework, he took a short rest.当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿（finished先发生）
   • When I got to the airport, the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。（got to后发生）

   从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when、while、as都可以使用。

   • When/While/As we were dancing, a stranger came in.当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。（dance为延续性动词）
   • When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter.当她在打电话时，我正在写信（make为延续性动词）

   当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用as。这时，as常表示“随着...”、“一边...，一边...”之意。

   • As the time went on, the weather got worse.随着时间的过去，天气变得更糟糕了。
   • The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。
   • As years go by, China is getting stronger and richer.随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
   • The little girls sang as they went.小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
   • The sad mother sat on the roadside, shouting as she was crying.伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。

   在将来时的从句中，常用when，且从句要用一般现在时代替将来时。

   • You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。
   • When the manager comes here for a visit next week, I'll talk with him about this.下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。

3. when用于表示”一...就...“的句型中（指过去的事情）

   • I had hardly/scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.=Hardly/Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。（sb. had hardly(=scarcely) done sth. when ...=Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when ...）
   • I had hardly/scarcely entered my room when the telephone rang.=Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.我刚一走进房门，电话就响了。

until和till区别

until：语气较为正式，常用于书面语或正式场合。它侧重于强调结束点的时间，即某个动作或状态在何时结束。

till：语气较为轻松，常用于口语交流。它侧重于表示肯定，即某个动作或状态将一直持续到某个时间点。

• Tony didn't announce the news until he was sure of it.
• Go straight ahead till you reach the post office. 到达了邮局还依旧继续走的。

目的状语从句

可以用to、in order to、so as to、so that、in order that来表示目的。

1. to、in order to、so as to引导目的状语短语，构成简单句。
   • He has to earn lots of money in order to/to/so as to raise his family.他赚很多钱是为了养家糊口。
   • We must try to increase the competitive in order that we may make more profits.
2. so that、in order that引导目的状语从句，构成复合句，并且从句中谓语动词常与can、could、may、might等情态动词连用。主句是一般现在时，从句用can或may；主句是一般过去时，从句用could或might；
   • Speak clearly so that/in order that everybody can understand you.请说清楚一点，这样每个人都能听得懂。
3. so that既可以引导目的状语从句又可以引导结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句要有情态动词，so that之前没有逗号，译为“为了”，引导结果状语从句不用情态动词，so that之前常有逗号，译为“以便”。引导否定句时，通常用should+not+动词原型，表示“以免”。
   • He worked hard at his lessons so that he could gain high grades in the exams.他努力学习功课，争取考试能获得好的成绩。
   • He worked hard at his lessons, so that he gained high grades in the exams.他努力学习，结果考试取得了好成绩。
   • I always speak so carefully that I may make my meaning clear. 目的状语从句
   • I always speak so carefully that I make my meaning clear. 结果状语从句
   • He has to earn so lots of money so that he can buy his children nice food and clothes.他必须赚很多钱才能给他得孩子提供好的饮食和衣服。（so that引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便、为了”，从句中常使用can、could、may、might、will、would、should等情态动词或助动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句一般不用can和may等词。）
   • He looked down so that she should not see his eyes.

such...that...：在such...that...句型中，such修饰名词，意思是“如此...以至于...”，such...that...引导四种不同的句子结构。

1. such+a(n)+形容词+单数名词+that从句
   • This is such a good book that all of us like it very much.这是一本很好的书，我们大家都喜欢读它。
2. such+形容词+复数名词+that从句
   • They are such good students that the teacher likes them.他们都是很好的学生，老师喜欢他们。
3. such+（形容词）+不可数名词+that从句
   • It was such fine weather yesterday that we went swimming.昨天天气很好，我们去游泳了。
4. one（no、any、all、many、some、several等）+such+可数名词+that从句
   • There are many such good books that I can't decide which one to choose.有这么多的好书，我无法决定选择哪一本。

so...that...：so...that...句型中的so是副词，常用来修饰形容词或副词，意思是“如此/这么...以至于...”。

1. 常用句型：主语+谓语+so+adj./adv.+that从句
   • The boy ran so fast that I couldn't catch him.这个男孩跑得太快了以至于我追不上他。
2. so+形容词+a（n）+单数名词+that从句
   • She made so good a meal that we all ate far too much.她做的饭菜那么好吃，结果我们都吃得太多了。
3. so+many/much few/little（少）+名词+that从句：当名词前有many、much、few、little（少）等词修饰时，句子中要用so...that...而不能用such...that...。注意：当little的意思是“小”时，仍用such...that...。
   • There was so little water in the jar that it was not enough for all of us.缸里的水太少了，不够我们这些人用。

用in order that引导：in order that的意思是“为了”。

• He is working hard in order that to pass the examination.=He is working hard in order that he can pass the examination.

用in case引导：in case此时的意思是“以防”、“以备”。注意：in case引导目的状语从句与引导条件状语从句时的意思不一样。in case、for fear that、lest：引导的从句中一般用should+动词原型，should可以省略。in case后面可以用虚拟语气，也可以用真实语气。

• I always keep a bottle of wine by in case friends call round.我平时总存着一瓶酒以备朋友来时喝。
• She explained again and again lest the students (should) misunderstand her.
• Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

在目的状语从句中也有这样一个引导词in order that，容易与它混淆的词组是in order to，后者并不能引导状语从句。下面看一下两者有哪些具体差别。首先要注意的是，in order that与in order to译文相同，都译作“为了...”，不同之处在于：in order that+从句；in order to+动词原型。in order that+从句构成目的状语从句，表明主语行为目的；in order to+动词原型构成目的状语，不成从句。

• I get up early in order that I can catch the early bus.=I get up early in order to catch the early bus.为了能赶上早班车，我很早就起床了。
• He works hard in order that he can obtain a higher position.=He works hard in order to obtain a higher position.为了升职，他很努力地工作。

另外，目的状语从句还有一个特点：由于目的都是未来的行为，所以从句中一般用表示未来可能性时态，当然还可以用will、would、can等。

• He studies English very hard in order that he will go abroad one day.为了将来有一天能够出国，他很努力地学习英语。

条件状语从句

条件状语从句，即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中有连接词if或unless等引导的状语从句叫作条件状语从句。条件时指一件事情实现之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，通常译作“假如、只要、如果”等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。

提示：在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

• If the weather is bad next week, we'll put off the climbing.如果下周天气不好，我们将推迟爬山。
• Father told me if I worked hard he would buy me a gift.爸爸告诉我，如果我努力学习，他会给我买一份礼物。

引导条件状语从句的词：if（如果）、unless（除非）、as long as（只要）等。如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句也用一般现在时来表示。如：

• I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我就待在家。
• You can't learn English well unless you work hard.除非你努力学习，否则是学不好英语的。

1. if引导的条件状语从句，表示在某种条件下某事情很可能发生。
   • If we pay much attention to the earth, we'll have a better world.如果我们多关爱地球，就会拥有一个更美好的世界。
   • If it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?如果明天下雨，我们怎么办呢？
   • If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。
   • If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。
   • What would happen if there were no water?如果没有水会怎样呢？（注意：if还可以引导虚拟条件句，表示不可实现的条件，从句中多用一般过去时或过去完成时。）
   • We shall have a picnic if it is a fine day tomorrow.
2. unless引导的条件状语从句，unless的意思是“如果不，除非”。可与if...not互换。
   • You will fail in English unless you work hard.你英语考试会不及格的，除非你更加努力。
   • You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果你不早点动身，你就不能及时赶到那儿。
   • Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨，比赛将照常进行。
   • I'd like to go swimming unless the water is too cold. = I'd like to go swimming if the water is not too cold.
3. as/so long as引导的条件状语从句，as/so long as的意思是“只要”
   • So long as you're happy, I will be happy.只要你高兴，我就高兴。
   • You may borrow my books as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。
   • As long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
4. in case意思是“万一”
   • In case the car burns down, we'll get the insurance money.
5. suppose/supposing
   • Supposing he doesn't agree, what will you do?
6. provided/providing
   • We shall perform on the stage provided that the weather is fine.
7. on condition that
   • I shall give you the book on condition that you return it next Monday.
8. once引导的条件状语从句，意为“一旦...就”，从句可置于主句前或后。
   • Once you begin, never stop.一旦开始，就绝不要停止。
   • Maths is easy to learn once you understand the rules.一旦你理解了规则，数学就不难学了。
9. 引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下，某事很可能发生，条件时可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。
   • If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。
   • If you fail in the exam, you will let him down.如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。
   • If you have finished the homework, you can go home.如果你作业做完了就可以回家了。
10. if从句表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设。

• If I were you, I would invite him to the party.如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。
• I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.要不是交通堵塞，我本会来得早一些。

if条件句的时态搭配

1. if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。
   • If he runs he'll get there in time.如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那儿。
   • The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.如果你拉猫的尾巴，它就会抓你。
2. if从句用一般现在时，主句用may/might/can。
   • If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted.如果雾再大一些，飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。
   • If it stops snowing we can go out.如果雪停了，我们就可以出去。
3. if从句用一般现在时，主句用must/should。
   • If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread.如果你想减肥，你必须少吃面包。
4. if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般现在时。
   • If you heat ice it turns to water.（也可用will turn）如果把冰加热，它就会化成水。
5. if从句用现在进行时，主句用一般将来时。
   • If you are looking for Peter you'll find him upstairs.如果你是在找彼得，上楼就会找到他。
6. if从句用现在完成时，主句用一般将来时。
   • If you have finished dinner I'll ask the waiter for the bill.如果你吃完了，我就叫服务生来算账。

在以when、before、as soon as等引导的时间状语从句，也适用“主将从现”原则，即如果主句是一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。

• I'll tell her the good news when she comes back.当她回来的时候，我将把这个好消息告诉她。
• She will give you a call as soon as she returns.她一回来就会给你电话。

if条件句的同义词：祈使句，and/or+将来时态的陈述句。

• Work hard, and you will make great progress.=If you work hard, you will make great progress.如果你努力学习，你就会取得大的进步。
• Hurry up, or you will be late.=If you don't hurry up, you will be late.如果你不快点，你就要迟到了。

地点状语从句

引导词：where、wherever

• Keep the medicine where children can't see it. 其中 where children can't see it 是地点状语从句。
• You can camp wherever you like in Summer. 其中 wherever you like in Summer 是地点状语从句。

原因状语从句

引导词：because、since、as、in that、for the reason that、on the ground that、seeing that、considering that

• The data will certainly fuel the ongoing debate over whether physical education classes should be cut as schools struggle to survive on smaller budgets. 其中 as schools struggle to survive on smaller budgets 是原因状语从句。
• Since you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 其中 since you are grown up 是原因状语从句。

让步状语从句

even if、even tough

• Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it. 其中 even if he had the money 是让步状语从句。even if后面跟虚拟预期，表示条件不是真实的。
• Surfing was such a fun experience even though most of the time I fell of the surfboard as soon as I stood up. 其中 even tough ... I stood up 是让步状语从句。even though后面的条件是真实的。

tough、although、as/while

• They are my relatives though I don't know them. 其中 tough I don't know them 是让步状语从句。
• Child as he is, he knows a lot. 其中 child as he is 是让步状语从句。注意：as 引导让步状语从句时，通常放在句首，且倒装（表语提前到as之前倒装）。
• While I fell sympathetic, I really can't do anything to help him. 其中 while I fell sympathetic 是让步状语从句。注意：while 引导让步状语从句时只能放在句首。

疑问词+ever：however、whatever、no matter+疑问词（no matter how）

• No matter where(=whereever) you are, I shall be with you.
• No matter what(=whatever) you do, try to do better.

结果状语从句

引导词：so ... that、such ... that，so .. that之间只能用形容词（后可加名词），such ... that之间只能用名词。

• We left in such a hurry that we forget to lock the door.
• He is so strong that he can lift that heavy box. = He is so strong a man that he can lift that heavy box.

方式状语从句

说明动作、行为发生的方式。

as、as if、as though

• I did the thing as you told me.
• He walks slowly as though he were sick.

比较状语从句

对人、物的特征、性状和数量等进行比较。

形容词/副词比较级+than

• She sings better than me.
• Jone is two years older than I.

as+形容词/副词原级+as：和...一样

• The article in today's newspaper is as important as that in yesterday's newspaper.
• You should read as much as you can.

not so+形容词/副词原级+as

• This task is not so difficult as that one.

倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as

• This auto manufactory made twice as many cars this year as they did last year.

the+比较级，the+比较级

• The harder you study, the more knowledge you can gain.
• I like black coffee so much, the stronger it is, the better I like it.