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时态

“时”指动作发生的时间,“态”指动作的样子和状态。

16种时态参考链接

一般现在时

表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性(即事实)的动作或状态。结构:am/is/are、do/does

用法

如果主语是名词复数第一人称I、 we ,谓语动词不用做任何变化,即仍然用动词原形 do 表示:

  • We usually go to school at 7:30. 翻译:我们通常7:30上学去。
  • My parents give ten yuan to my sister every week. 翻译:我父母每星期给我妹妹十元钱。
  • We often play in the playground.根据often判断这个句子使用一般现在时,主语是第一人称复数we,所以使用实义动词原型play

主语是任何一个单数名词或者是第三人称单数(he、she、it、Tom),动词要进行必要的变化。特别提一点:不可数名词也算作单数处理。

  • He plays football every weekend.(他每个周末都踢足球。)这里的主语是“he”(他),动词“play”变为了“plays”以匹配第三人称单数主语。
  • She goes to the gym three times a week.(她每周去三次健身房。)“She”(她)是第三人称单数主语,动词“go”变为了“goes”。
  • He gets up at six o'clock.句子中主语是第三人称单数he,所以实义动词使用动词+s形式gets
  • Tim sometimes goes to the park with his sister.句子中主语是第三人称单数Tim,所以实义动词使用动词+es形式goes
  • At eight, she watches TV with her parents.句子中主语是第三人称单数she,所以实义动词使用动词+es形式watches

表示主语现在的情况、状态和特征,通常不使用时间状语。

  • He is a student. 翻译:他是一个学生。
  • These books are new.(这些书是新的。)

表示经常性、习惯性动作。常与频度副词 always、usually、often、sometimes、hardly、ever、never、once a week、every day、on weekends 等连用。

  • He always helps others. 翻译:他总是帮助别人。
  • I often take a walk in the park.(我经常在公园散步。)
  • Sam skates with his friends every weekend.句子中使用skates动词的一般现在时,因为是经常性动作。

表示客观真理、科学事实、自然现象、格言等。

  • The earth moves the sun. 翻译:地球绕着太阳转。
  • Mr. Brown's lectures are so boring. 其中布朗先生的课堂很无聊是客观存在的事实,所以使用 are。
  • New evidence shows why getting enough sleep is a top priority. 其中证据表明是真理性事实,所以 shows。
  • The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(太阳东升西落。)
  • I'm getting hungry. Do you know where we can get some food? Of course! There is a restaurant around the corner.句子中there is a ...表示一个客观事实,所以使用be动词一般现在时is

一般现在时表示将来时。在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作。

  • If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I will go bike riding in the open air.(如果明天不下雨,我将在户外骑自行车。)
  • We wonder if our parents will come to our graduating party next weekend. If they come, we'll be very glad.句子中条件状语从句一般现在时表示将来时,所以动词使用come

表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。(常用于列车、客车、飞机或轮船时刻表)

  • The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. 翻译:下一趟火车今天下午3点发车。
  • The train arrives at 8:00.(火车八点开车。)

不同句子类型的构成

  1. 含有be动词
    • 肯定句:主语+be(am、is、are)+其他。
    • 否定句:主语+be(am、is、are)+not+其他。
    • 一般疑问句:be+主语+其他?
    • 特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+其他?
  2. 含有实义动词
    • 肯定句:主语+动词+其他。
    • 否定句:主语+do/does+not+动词原型+其他。
    • 一般疑问句:Do/Does+主语+动词原型+其他?
    • 特殊疑问句:疑问词+do/does+主语+动词原型+其他?
  3. 综合练习
    • I have some books.这是一般现在时肯定句,使用动词原型形式have
    • I don't have any books.这是一般现在时否定句,使用do+not+动词原型形式don't have
    • Do I have any books? Yes, I do./No, I don't.这是一般现在时疑问句,使用Do+主语+动词原型形式Do I have ...

动词一般现在时变化规则

参考

现在进行时

表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态,结构:am/is/are + doing

用法

表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。

  • He is listening to the music now. 翻译:他正在听音乐。
  • I am preparing for CET-4. 翻译:我正在准备CET-4考试,am preparing是现在进行时。
  • The link between sleep and health, and bad sleep and disease is becoming clearer and clearer. is becoming 表示这件事情正在进行时。
  • We are waiting for you.(我们正在等你)
  • They are playing basketball now.(他们现在正在打篮球)当句子中有now时,要用现在进行时。
  • It's 9:00 in the morning now. The students from Grade Nine are having an important exam.句子中有now,表示学生们正在考试。
  • I can't find Jimmy. Where is he? He is working in the garden at the moment.句子中有at the moment(此时此刻),表示Jimmy正在工作。
  • What's John doing right now? He is playing soccer. He plays soccer every Saturday.句子中有now,所以使用is playing表示John正在踢足球。

表示目前一段时间内一直在做的事情,但不一定此时此刻正在做,且此时有 this week、these days 等时间状语。

  • I am studying computer this term. 翻译:这个学期我一直在学习计算机。
  • Mr. Green is writing another novel.句子使用现在进行时表示Mr. Green这段时间一直在写作,但是此时此刻未必正在写作。
  • We are making model planes these days.(这些天我们在做飞机模型)

现在进行时可以表示将来的含义。意为:意图、打算、安排。常用词为 come、go、start、arrive、leave、stay 等。

  • I am leaving. (我将要离开。)
  • I'm leaving tomorrow.(我打算明天离开。)

现在进行时也用来表示当前的动向。

  • People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.(如今人们对吸烟较为难以忍受了。)句子中表示人们逐渐变为对吸烟难以忍受。

以 look、listen 开头的句子,要用现在进行时。

  • Listen! She is singing an English song.(听,她正在唱一首英文歌。)
  • Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. Please go and answer it.句子中有Listen开头,所以要使用现在进行时态is knocking

描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。

  • Look at the picture, The children are flying kites in the park.(看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。)

表示短促动作的动词(如:jump、knock、beat、pick、skip等)的进行时,表示动作的重复。

  • The girls are jumping over there.(女孩子们在那边跳。)
  • His heart is beating fast.(他的心脏跳得很快。)

某系表示希望或想法的动词(如:hope、wonder、want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。

  • I'm wondering whether you can help us now.(我不知道你现在能否给我们帮一个忙。)

四类动词不用现在进行时:

  • 表心里状态、情感的动词,若用进行时则词义改变。如:love、hate、like、care、respect、please、prefer、know等。
  • 表存在、状态的动词。如:appear、exist、lie、remain、stand、seem等。
  • 表感觉的动词。如:see、hear、feel、smell、sound、taste等。
  • 表一时性的动词。如:accept、allow、admit、decide、end、refuse、permit、promise等。

不同句子类型的构成

现在进行时由be+动词现在分词构成。be应为助动词,一定不要漏掉!它应与主语的人称和数保持一致,即:Iamhe/she/it包括单数名词和不可数名词用isyou/we/they包括复数名词用are

  • 肯定句:主语+be(am、is、are)+现在分词+其他。
    • They are having an English class.
  • 否定句:主语+be(am、is、are)+not+现在分词+其他。
    • They `aren't having an English class.
  • 一般疑问句:Be(am、is、are)+主语+现在分词+其他?
    • Are they having an English class?
  • 特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am、is、are)+主语+现在分词+其他?
    • What are you doing now?

动词进行时变化规则

参考

一般现在时和现在进行时的区别

现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作,而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。

  • I'm reading a story now.(我正在看一个故事。)目前正在干的事情。
  • I read stories in my spare time.(我有空时看故事。)经常性的行为。

现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作,而一般现在时只表动作的重复,而不表示动作的持续。

  • They are learning English in the summer holiday.(他们暑假在学英语。)
  • They read English every day.(他们每天读英语。)

一般过去时

结构:did;was/were

用法

表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday、the day before yesterday、last week、in 2000、three days ago、the other day(前几天)、just now、this morning、once upon a time(从前、很久以前)、long long ago。

  • I bought some fruits yesterday. 翻译:我昨天买了一些水果。
  • We went there about ten years ago for our honeymoon. went是一般过去时。
  • The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. conducted是一般过去时。
  • He was here just now.(他刚才还在这里),just now表示过去的时间状语,主语是第三人称单数he,所以使用was

表示过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作,有时候使用would+doused to do方式表达。

  • The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody. (老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)
  • He used to visit his mother once a week. (他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)
  • We often played together when we were children.(我们小时候常在一起玩。)

表示主语过去的特征或性格

  • At that time she was very good at English.(那时她英语学得很好。)

不同句子类型的构成

  1. 含有实义动词

    • 肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他
      • I went to the cinema yesterday.(我昨天看了电影。)
    • 否定句:主语+didn't+动词原型+其他
      • I didn't go to the cinema yesterday.(我昨天没看电影。)
    • 一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原型+其他?肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.否定回答:No, 主语+didn't/did not.
      • Did you go to the cinema yesterday?(你昨天去看电影了吗?)Yes, I did.(是的,我去了。)/ No, I didn't.(不,我没去。)
    • 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原型+其他?
      • Where did you go yesterday?(你昨天去哪儿了?)I went to the cinema yesterday.(我昨天去看电影了。)
  2. 含有be动词

    主语是 I、第三人称单数时使用was,主语是第二人称、第三人称复数时使用were

    • 肯定句:主语+was/were+其他
      • I was at home yesterday.(我昨天在家。)
    • 否定句:主语+wasn't/weren't+其他
      • I wasn't at home yesterday.(我昨天没有在家。)
    • 一般疑问句:Were/Was+主语+其他?
      • Were you at home yesterday?(你昨天在家吗?)Yes, I was.(是的,我在家。)No, I wasn't(不,我不在家。)
    • 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+were/was+主语+其他?
      • Where were you yesterday?(你昨天在哪?)I was at home yesterday.(我昨天在家。)
  3. 综合练习

    • He met his English teacher when he was sightseeing in Paris.句子中表示过去观光的时候见到他的英语老师。
    • He told me his name, but I can't remember it now.句子中表示他过去告诉过我他的名字。
    • Wendy, how long have you had the Huawei P40 Pro? A couple of days. I bought it last week.句子中表示我过去的上个星期买手机。

动词过去式变化规则

参考

过去进行时

过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。结构:was/were doing。

用法

表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作,此时句子中往往有表示过去的时间状语 then、at that time、this time、yesterday 等。

  • Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago. 翻译:10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。
  • She was doing laundry when I came in. 我进来时候她正在洗衣服。
  • I was doing my homework when my mother came to home.句子中表示在过去妈妈回家时候我正在做作业。
  • When we got off the train this morning, it was raining heavily.句子中表示过去正在下大雨。
  • Why was it so noisy on the fourth floor just now? Oh, I forgot to tell you. Many children were celebrating Ann's birthday there.句子中表示那个时候孩子们正在为Ann庆祝生日。
  • I called you at half past nine this morning, but there was no answer. Oh, sorry. I was shopping with my cousin in the supermarket.句子中表示你过去打电话给我的时候正在购物。
  • Tom said he was playing basketball with his classmates from 4:00 to 6:00 yesterday afternoon.

叙述在过去的同一时间都在进行的几个动作,通常用while

  • I was studying at college while my brother was teaching at university.句子中表示在过去我的哥哥正在大学教书时候我正在读高中。

表示过去某个时间段内一直持续进行的动作。

  • I was travelling in London last summer vacation. 翻译:去年暑假我在伦敦旅行。
  • They were expecting you yesterday, but you didn't turn up.句子中表示他们昨天一直在期待你的出现,但是最终你没有出现。

用于表达过去对于未来的计划

  • He said he was leaving Beijing the next day.在句子 "He said he was leaving Beijing the next day." 中,使用 "was leaving" 是因为这里使用了过去进行时(Past Progressive Tense)来表示过去将来的动作或计划,这种用法称为“过去将来时”(Past Future Tense)的间接表达。在英语中,当我们想要表达某人过去说的关于未来的计划或动作时,我们不直接使用“will”或“would”,而是使用过去进行时来表示。这是因为“will”或“would”不能直接放在另一个过去时态的句子中(如“He said he will leave Beijing the next day.”是语法上不正确的)。

不同句子类型的构成

  • 肯定句:主语+was/were+现在分词
    • I was doing my lessons then.
  • 否定句:主语+wasn't/weren't+现在分词
    • I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
  • 疑问句:Was/Were+主语+现在分词?
    • Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
  • 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+wasn't/weren't+主语+现在分词?
    • What were you doing when a UFO landed?
  • 综合练习
    • I was listening to my favorite music in my bedroom.句子是肯定句。
    • I wasn't listening to my favorite music in my bedroom.句子是否定句。
    • Were you listening to your favorite music in my bedroom.句子是疑问句。
    • What were you listening in your bedroom.句子是特殊疑问句。

一般过去时和过去进行时的区别

过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续,而一般过去时表示动作的完成。

  • He was writing his composition last night.(他昨晚在写作文。)句子中表示他在昨晚的某个时间段里正在写作文。这可能表示他写了一段时间,但不一定完成。
  • He wrote his composition last night.(他昨晚写了一篇作文。)句子中表示他在昨晚的某个时间点完成了作文的写作。这通常意味着他成功地完成了这项任务,并且这个动作是在过去的一个具体时刻完成的。

表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词,如:be、like、love、hate、fear、own、hear、see、know、want、notice,可用于一般过去时,但通常不用于进行时。

  • I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food.(我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。)

一般过去时与 always、constantly、forever、continually 等连用,表示”过去经常性、习惯性的动作“;而过去进行时与 always、constantly、forever、continually 等连用,表示动作的重复,常常有感情色彩。

  • He always got up at six o'clock.(他过去总是六点起床。)表示他过去的习惯。
  • He was always thinking of his work.(他总是一心想到工作。)

一般将来时

将来某一时段的动作或者状态,或者将来某一段时间内经常的动作或者状态。结构:shall/will + do、am/is/are going to + do。will/shall的否定形式will not/won't、shall not/shan't(这是“shall not”的一种较为古老的缩写形式,但在现代英语中已不常用。)。

will/shall+动词原型,shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

  • Which paragraph shall I read first?(我先读哪一段呢?)
  • Will you be at home at seven this evening?(今晚七点回家好吗?)
  • Mary will have a picnic tomorrow.
  • In this section, you will hear three news reports. will hear 表示将来发生。
  • What does the speaker say will happen to people who lack sleep? will happen 表示将会发生。
  • We will send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift. 翻译:我们将会送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。
  • We need to discuss when we should go. I know, but not today. I will attend an important meeting.
  • It's getting warm. I think the sea level will rise in the future.句子中in the future是使用将来时的时间状语,所以使用will rise
  • Will every family have a small plane in the future? Yes, I think so.句子中in the future是使用将来时的时间状语,所以使用will ... have
  • Mr. Smith will visit our school next year.句子中next year是使用将来时的时间状语,所以使用will visit

be going to+动词原型,表示将来。主语的意图,即将做某事。计划、安排要发生的事。有迹象要发生的事。

  • This is just what I am going to say.(这正式我想说的。)
  • What are you going to do tomorrow?(明天打算做什么呢?)
  • The play is going to be produced next month.(这出戏下月开播。)
  • Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.(看那乌云,暴风雨快来了。)
  • Mary is going to have a picnic tomorrow.
  • Look at the dark clouds, and the wind is blowing strongly. The weather forecast says it is going to rain later in the afternoon.

be+不定式表将来,按计划或正安排将发生的事。

  • We are to discuss the report next Saturday.(我们下星期六讨论这份报告。)
  • Mary is to have a picnic tomorrow.

be about to+不定式,以为”将要马上做某事“。注意:be about to do不能与 tomorrow、next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

  • Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上给你做一次仔细的检查。)
  • He is about to leave for Beijing.(他马上要去北京。)
  • Mary is about to have a picnic tomorrow.

特殊用法:

  • 现在进行时表将来时,有些表趋向性的动词可用进行时表将来,如:go、come、arrive、fly(飞往)、reach(到达)、stay、leave、start、die 等。

    • He is going to leave for Paris./He is leaving for Paris.
    • The old man is dying./The old man will die.(这个老人要去世。)
  • 一般现在时表将来

    1. 下列动词 come、go、arrive、leave、start、begin、return 的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
    2. 在时间或条件状语从句中。
    3. 在动词 hope、take care that、make sure that 等的宾语从句中。
    • The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.(火车明天上午六点开。)
    • When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.(比尔来后,让他等我。)
    • I hope they have a nice time next week.(我希望他们下星期玩得开心。)

过去将来时

表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。结构:should/would + do。

表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。

  • I didn't know if he would come.我不知道他是否会来。表示指过去不知道。
  • She told us that she would not go with us, if it rained.她告诉我们,如果下雨,她就不和我们一起去了。
  • Tim told us that his company would use robots to do some of the work.

过去将来时常可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。此时,不管什么人称,一律用would

  • When I worked on a farm, I would get up at 5 a.m.我在农场劳动时,总是早上5点中起床。

表示主观打算、计划要做的事情或根据过去的某种迹象做出推测,用was/were going to+动词原型表示

  • Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我们本想去游览长城的,但却下雨了。
  • Uncle Sam said he would attend my birthday party, but he never showed up. That's Uncle Sam. He forgets everything!

would+动词原型。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。

  • He said he would come to see me.他过去说他要来看我。
  • I knew you would agree. 我过去就已经知道你将会同意。
  • I said on Thursday I would see my friend the next day. 翻译:我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。

was/were+going+to+动词原型。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。

  • She said she was going to start off at once.他过去说他将立即出发。
  • It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨。
  • We were not sure whether they were going to grow more vegetables.

was/were about to+动词原型

  • I couldn't go to Tom's birthday party as I was about to go to hospital.我不能参加汤姆的生日会,因为我要去医院。

come、go、leave、arrive、start 等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。

  • He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他过去说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。

条件状语从句和时间状语从句中需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。

  • I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来,但她来了我会告诉你。

过去将来时态中的否定形式。

  • The radio broadcast said that it was not going to snow tomorrow.电台广播说明天不会下雪。

一般将来时和过去将来时的区别

一般将来时是表示从现在看来将要发生的情况,而过去将来时则是表示从过去看来将要发生的情况,所以理论上说,只要把“考查”的时间从现在移到过去,那么一般将来时的用法就变成了过去将来时的用法。

  • He says that he won't lend me a penny.他说他一便士都不愿借给我。
  • He said that he wouldn't lend me a penny.他说过他一便士都不愿借给我。
  • Tom says that he will never get married.汤姆说他永远不结婚。
  • Tom said that he would never get married.汤姆说过他永远不结婚。

将来进行时

将来进行时的构成:由will be+现在分词构成。

  • I'll be doing jobs about the house tomorrow.明天我将要干些家务活。

表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

  • Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute! 快!客人就要来了!
  • Let me check who will be living with you in your flat. will be living 表示在将来的一段时间内谁和你一起住在公寓里面。
  • Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. 翻译:别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。
  • You can't miss him. He will be wearing a dark green suit and a yellow tie waiting for you then.“waiting for you then”这部分更倾向于是伴随状语(即他穿这套衣服的同时会等你),这个句子使用了“will be wearing”的将来进行时,它更准确地描述了他在某个时间点(then)将穿着这套衣服并等着你。这个时态强调了他在那个特定时刻的动作或状态。
  • Could you give these books to Mr. Black? Absolutely, I will be having a talk with him at 5 o'clock this afternoon.下午5点时候我正在和Mr. Black对话,所以使用将来进行时态。
  • I'm afraid I won't be available. I will be seeing a friend off at 5 o'clock this afternoon.下午5点时候我正在送别一个朋友。
  • Next Friday I will go another concert. They will be playing something by Mozart at that time.那时候他们正在演奏莫咋特的曲子。
  • What are you doing, Jack? Make a model plane. I will be showing it in science class at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.明天10点的科学课我正在展示我的飞机模型。

表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。

  • I'll be taking my holidays soon.不久我将度假了。

将来进行时表示委婉语气。

  • Will you be having some tea?喝点茶吗?

一般将来时和将来进行时的区别

一般将来时是指将来某个时间将要发生的动作和状态,基本结构是主语+will/be going to do;将来进行时是指将来某个时间正在进行的动作。基本结构是主语+will be+doing;两者均可表示将来,但用将来进行时语气更委婉。

  • I will/am going to Beijing next Sunday.我下个星期天将要去北京。
  • I will be sleeping at 12:00p.m.十二点的时候我将在睡觉。
  • When will you pay back the money?你什么时候还钱呢(似乎在直接讨债)?
  • When will you be paying back the money?这钱你什么时候还呢(委婉地商量)?

有时一般将来时中的will含有“愿意”的意思,而用将来进行时则只是单纯地谈未来情况。

  • Mary won't pay this bill.玛丽不肯付这笔钱(表意愿)。
  • Mary won't be paying this bill.不会由玛丽来付钱(单纯谈未来情况)。

现在进行时和将来进行时的区别

现在进行时表示一种经过考虑的、将来要进行的动作(意图、打算、安排),将来进行时表示未经过考虑将来便要进行的的动作。因此将来进行时不如现在进行时那样肯定,比后者偶然性要大一些。

  • I am seeing Tom tomorrow.明天我要和汤姆见面。
  • I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow.明天我会见到汤姆。和上面句子比较:第一句意指汤姆或说话人已经特意安排了这次会面,而第二句则意指汤姆和说话人将在通常进程中见面(也许他们在一起工作)
  • I'll write to Mr Pitt and tell him about Tom's new house.我要写信告诉皮特先生关于汤姆的新房子的事情。在这个例句中说话人根据自己的意愿宣布一个经过考虑的、将来要进行的动作。
  • I'll be writing to Mr Pitt and I'll tell him about Tom's new house.我会写信给皮特先生并告诉他关于汤姆的新房子的事情。

现在进行时用于表示最近将来的动作时,必须有确定的时间,而将来进行时可以和确定的时间状语连用,也可以不连用。它既可以表示最近将来的动作,也可以表示较远将来的动作。

  • I am meeting him tomorrow.我明天和他会面。
  • I'll be meeting him tomorrow/next year/some time.我明天/明年/某时将与他会面。

一般将来时可以表示邀请、有礼貌地请求、发出命令。而将来进行时则无上述这些含义。

  • Will you have a cigarette? 请您抽烟吗?
  • Will you help me to lift the piano?请你帮我抬一下钢琴,好吗?
  • Will you please bring the piano in here?请你把钢琴搬进这里来,好吗?Yes, sir./OK.好的,先生。

现在完成时

用法

现在完成时用来表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。

  • I have already posted the photo.我已经把照片寄走了。强调post`对现在的影响“照片不在这里”。

  • I bought a new house, but haven't sold my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. 翻译:我买了一所新房子,但是还没有卖掉旧的,所以我现在有量间房子。

  • I've already contacted one of the girls. have contacted 是现在完成时,表示我已经联系过其中一个女孩子,但是她到目前还没有和我约会。

  • Look! My mother has made a new dress for me. Wow, it looks very nice on you.

    在句子“My mother has made a new dress for me”中,使用现在完成时态(Present Perfect Tense)有几个可能的原因:

    1. 强调结果的当前状态:现在完成时态通常用于表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或结果。在这个句子中,母亲为“我”做了一件新衣服,而这件新衣服现在就在“我”这里,这个结果是现在的、持续的状态。
    2. 不明确的时间点:虽然句子中没有明确提到“母亲”是在什么时候做的这件衣服,但现在完成时态允许我们谈论过去发生的事件,而不必明确指定那个事件发生的具体时间。
    3. 与过去时态的区别:如果我们使用过去时态(Simple Past Tense),比如“My mother made a new dress for me”,那么这通常意味着“母亲”做衣服的动作已经完全结束,并且我们可能不再关注这个动作本身,而是关注它与其他过去事件的关系。而现在完成时态则更多地关注这个动作对现在的影响。
    4. 上下文和语境:在某些情况下,选择现在完成时态可能是基于上下文或语境的需要。例如,如果接下来的句子是关于“我”现在穿着这件新衣服去某个地方或做某件事,那么现在完成时态就更为合适。

    综上所述,虽然在这个句子中可以使用过去时态来描述“母亲”做衣服的动作,但使用现在完成时态更能强调这件新衣服对“我”现在的意义和状态。

  • I have received a invitation to the concert. I can't wait to go.表示已经收到邀请了。

现在完成可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示),常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用,谓语动词必须是延续性动词。

  • He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
  • We have lived in this city for more than 40 years.我们在这个城市已生活了40多年。
  • We have lived in this city since 1958.我们从1958年起就住在这个城市里。
  • Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientist of our time. 翻译:虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。
  • In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of people choosing to travel by air during the holidays. has been是现在完成时,表示最近几年前发生持续到现在还继续进行中。
  • Your new bike is so nice! When did you buy it? In July. I have had it for two weeks.直接使用“I have bought it for two weeks”可能听起来稍微有些不自然,因为“buy”是一个短暂的动作,而不是持续的状态,所以这里使用have had
  • Melting ice can cause sea levels to rise. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a speed of 3.2 cm every 10 years.句子中使用since 1993时间状语,所以使用现在完成时态have risen
  • It's ten years since we came here. How time flies! We have worked in China for so long.句子中使用for so long时间状语,所以使用现在完成时have worked
  • The shop in Wanda Square has been opened for six years, but I haven't been there so far.
  • I have had this magazine for three months.现在完成时需要与延续性动词连用。
  • Your new watch is so nice! When did you buy it? In April. I have had it for two months.现在完成时需要与延续性动词连用。
  • Uncle Liang has lived in Haikou since 1980, so he knows a lot about the city.
  • William Shakespeare has been dead for 400 years, but his works still have great influence today.现在完成时需要与延续性动词连用。

与笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用,如 already、never、ever、just 等。

  • I've just found this library book.我刚刚找到这本图书管的书。
  • How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.她唱的多美啊!我还从来没有听到过比这更优美的嗓音。

与表示包含过去和现在的一整段时间的状语连用,如 lately、recently、in the past few years、these few years、these days、up to now、so far 等。

  • How have you been recently?你近来状况如何?
  • The famous writer has written a new book in the past two years.那位著名的作家在过去两年的时间里写了一本新书。
  • Have you seen her parents these days?这些天你看见她的父母了吗?
  • The Browns have visited a lot of places in China so far.迄今为止,布朗一家参观了中国的许多地方。

不同句子类型的构成

  • 肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+宾语
  • 否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语
  • 一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语?
  • 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)?

动词过去分词变化规则

参考

一般过去时和现在完成时的区别

侧重点不同

一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去,但他们所强调的重点不同:现在完成时侧重于对现在的影响;而一般过去时侧重于某一动作发生在过去某个时间或者某段时间,即现在完成时侧重于现在的结果,而一般过去时侧重于动作发生的时间。

  • I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。(现在我仍记得电影的内容)
  • I saw the film three days ago.三天前我看了这部电影。(强调是三天前,而不是别的什么时候看的电影)
  • Mr Green has bought a new computer.格林先生买了一台新电脑。(重点是格林先生现在有了一台新电脑)
  • Mr Green bought a new computer yesterday.格林先生昨天买了一台新电脑。(强调的是格林先生买新电脑的时间是昨天)

时间状语不同

现在完成时常与 already、yet、just、ever、never、before 等副词以及for+一段时间since+过去时间/从句等时间状语连用;而一般过去时则常与时间段+agojust nowyesterdaylast week等表示过去的时间状语连用。

  • She has lived here since two years ago.她两年前就住在这里了。
  • She lived here two years ago.两年前她住在这里。
  • He has been in the League for three years.他入团已经三年了。
  • Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.昨晚汤姆给他的父母写了封信。

过去完成时

表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。通常与 by、before 连用。

  • We had learned 5,000 words by the end of last month.到上个月底,我们已经学了5,000个单词。
  • By the end of last term, we had learned 1000 new words. 到上学期结束时候,我们已经学习了1000个新的单词。上学期结束之前是过去的过去,所以使用had learned。
  • By 2014, that milestone had shifted to age 29. 2014年是过去的过去,所以使用had shifted。

表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态,常和 for、since 构成的时间状语连用。

  • I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当公共汽车来的时候,我在车站已等了20分钟。

过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在此时多与 already、yet、till、just、before、never 等时间副词及 by、before、until 等引导的短语或从句连用。

  • Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about 5 years.
  • Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
  • Until then, his family hadn't heard from him for six months. 翻译:到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没有得到他的消息了。
  • By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years. 翻译:到我毕业时,他已经教那个班3年了。

过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。

  • By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.had worked已有了20年,还有继续进行下去的可能)

与过去完成时连用的时间状语

  • by+过去的时间点
    • I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
  • by the end of+过去的时间点
    • We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
  • before+过去的时间点
    • They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

一般过去时和过去完成时的区别

时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去的某一特定的时间。

  • They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.他们昨天十点钟前就到了车站。
  • They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。

  • She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在before、after、as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。

  • He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
  • I (had) called her before I left the office.

现在完成时和过去完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词have/has+过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。

  • I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
  • I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
  • I'm sorry to keep you waiting.对不起,让你久等了。Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
  • John returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。Where had he been?他去哪儿了?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方,即“过去的过去”)

现在完成进行时

用于描述从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且这个动作可能还在进行中或将继续延续到将来。

用法

在强调指出动作还未结束,还要继续下去。

  • I've been reading this book for two hours, but I haven't finished it.这本书我已读了两个小时了,但我还没读完。
  • Tom has been repairing his car. Tom过去一直在修理他的汽车,到目前可能仍然在继续或者已经结束了。
  • We have been working on this project for over a month now.到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间。

强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。

  • She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。

现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。

  • We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。

不同句子类型的构成

  • 肯定句:主语+have/has+been+动词的现在分词+其他。
  • 否定句:主语+have/has+not+been+动词的现在分词+其他。
  • 一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+been+动词的现在分词+其他?
  • 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+现在分词+其他)?

现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别

现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。

  • We've been living here for ten years.
  • We've lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。

在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。

  • The students have been preparing for the exam.学生们一直在准备考试(还在进行)。
  • The students have prepared for the exam.学生们为考试作了准备(已经结束)。

有些表示状态、感情、感觉的动词如:have、exist、like、hate、hear、know、sound 等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。

  • They've known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。

将来完成时

结构:shall/will + have + done。

表示一个动作到将来某个时间为止已经完成,强调对将来那个时间产生的影响。

例如:They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那个时候他们已经结婚20年了。 例如:I will have finished my work when you come back tonight. 今晚你回来时候我就已经完成我的工作了。 例如:Pick me up at 8 o'clock, I will have had breakfast by then. 翻译:早上8点钟来接我,到时我已经吃完早饭了。

表示一个动作延续到将来某个时间,并且有可能继续延续下去。

例如:The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. 翻译:会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。

将来完成进行时

表示一个动作延续到将来某个时间,期间一直有规律在进行、不曾间断,并且有可能继续延续下去。结构:shall/will + have + been + doing。

例如:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of year. 例如:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. 翻译:到下个月底为止,这个工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。

过去完成进行时

表示从过去的过去开始,持续到过去的动作或情况,期间一直有规律的在进行、不曾间断,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。结构:had + been + doing。

例如:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 过去考试的时候她得了重感冒,导致考得不好的结果。所以使用 had been suffering。 例如:I asked where they had been staying all those days. 例如:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home. 翻译:我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。

过去将来进行时

强调在过去将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或存在的状态。结构:should/would + be + doing。

例如:He asked me what I should be doing six o'clock tomorrow. 他过去问我明天6点我将会正在做什么。 例如:She said she would be setting off on the 10 o'clock train. 她过去说将来10点时候她正在离开。 例如:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July. 翻译:政府承诺说下一年的7月将会有一条新的高速公路正在被建设中。

过去将来完成时

表示到过去将来某一时间已经完成的动作,并且对过去将来那一时间点产生影响。结构:should/would + have + done。

例如:I thought Sophia would have told you something. Sophia 过去就已经告诉过你某些事情。 例如:I guessed that Mother would have made some sandwiches by the time we got back. 翻译:到我们回去的时候我认为妈妈就将会已经准备好三文治给我们了。 例如:I believed by the end of that year and advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong. 翻译:我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。

过去将来完成进行时

表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间,期间一直有规律在进行、不曾间断,并且有可能继续延续下去。结构:should/would + have + been + doing。

例如:He said that by the end of 2018 he would have been studying English for three years. 在过去的某一时间开始一直学习英语到过去的2018年持续了3年时间。 例如:He said that by the end the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. 翻译:他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。