语态

主动语态

主语是动作的执行者。

• I will speak the passages and the questions only once. 其中主语 I，谓语 speak，主语执行 speak 这个动作。

被动语态

不同句子类型的构成

• 肯定句：主语+be+过去分词（+by...）
  • English is spoken everywhere.到处有人说英语。
• 否定句：主语+be+not+过去分词（+by...）
  • English isn't spoken by people here.这里的人不说英语。
• 一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词（+by...）？
  • Was Tom asked to come early?汤姆被要求早点来吗？Yes, he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasn't.不，他没有。
• 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（+by...）？
  • Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府为什么要拆毁这座桥？

各种时态形式

• 一般现在时：主语+am/is/are+过去分词+其他
  • History is made by the people.历史是人们创造的。
  • These books are designed for children.这些书是为孩子们设计的。
  • Which language is spoken the most widely in the world?
• 一般过去时：主语+was/were+过去分词+其他
  • The letter was written in English.这封信是用英语写的。
  • The cars were made in Shanghai.这些车是上海生产的。
  • Last year a large number of trees were cut down.
• 一般将来时：主语+will be+过去分词+其他
  • Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作将保留到你回来。
  • When will the work be finished?这项工作什么时候完成？
  • It's said that the long bridge will be built in two months.
• 现在进行时：主语+am/is/are+being+过去分词+其他
  • A new railway is being built.一条新铁路正在修建。
  • Because my car is being repaired, I have to go to work by taxi.因为我的车正在维修，所以我不得不坐出租车去上班。
  • Where to have the meeting is being discussed now.
• 过去进行时：主语+was/were+being+过去分词+其他
  • The hall was being built last year. I'm not sure if it is completed.这个大厅去年正在修建，我不清楚建好了没有。
  • The road was being widened when I passed by the village.当我经过那个村庄时，道路正在加宽。
• 现在完成时：主语+have/has+been+过去分词+其他
  • He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已经被派往上海工作了。
  • Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?运动会已推迟到下周五了吗？
  • The lost boy hasn't been found so far.
• 过去完成时：主语+had been+过去分词+其他
  • The room had been broken into before we came.我们来之前已经有人强行讲过这间屋子。
  • A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那儿时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。
• 情态动词：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他
  • Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的体温应该一天量两次。
  • If heated, water can be turned into vapour.如果受热，水会变成蒸汽。

用法

不知道或者不必说出动作的执行者

• How is this word pronounced?这个单词怎么发音？
• The book was published in 2005.这本书是2005年出版的。
• The parcel was delivered on time. 包裹被准时送达不需要关注这个包裹由哪个快递员送达，所以使用被动语态。

强调动作的承受者

• School will be opened in our village.我们村将开办一所新的希望学校。
• Smartphone was invented by Martin Lawrence Cooper. 强调智能手机被发明。
• Both the passages and the questions will be spoken only once. 其中主语 the passages and the questions，被动语态 be spoken。
• It's reported that 31 of the brave young men were killed in a big forest fire in Sichuan. I don't know who they are, but I know who they are for.
• Perfect photos! Good skills! Thank you. They were taken by my Huawei mobile phone. In fact, I am not skillful at all.
• It's reported that Notre-Dame de Paris(巴黎圣母院) was burnt in April 2019.
• Paper was first invented about two thousand years ago in China by Cai Lun.
• The passenger refused to move after taking another one's seat! What a shame! He will be punished according to the new credit system(诚信体系).

当动作的执行者是泛指时

• He is suspected of robbing the bank.有人怀疑他抢劫银行。

表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作的执行者

• I have been told many times not to make noises.有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。

句法修饰的需要

• The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy.乔要做这个报告，他是意大利的一位年轻的音乐家。

有些动词习惯上常用被动语态

• He was born in this city.他出生在这个城市。
• It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand.据报道，他是来自新西兰的一位教授。

主动语态变被动语态

• 含有单个宾语的主动句，即“主语+谓语动词+宾语”：把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，并依据上表（被动语态的各种时态形式）谓语修改为被动形式；如果需要说明动作的发出者，则需加上“by+主动句的主语（人称代词宾格）”。

  • The famous professor gave two lectures in English. -> Two lectures were given by the famous professor in English.那位著名的教授用英语作了两次报告。
  • They often ask some questions after class. -> Some questions are often asked by them after class.他们经常在课后问一些问题。
  • A theft hurt the old man. A theft是动作的执行者。-> The old man was hurt by a theft. 这个老人被一个贼伤害了。
  • We must do something to save her. -> Something must be done by us to save her.
  • The flower was sent to her by her boyfriend. -> Her boyfriend sent the flower to her.

• 含有双宾语的主动句，即“主语+间接宾语+直接宾语”：当直接宾语是名词或代词时，可将间接宾语和直接宾语中的任意一个变为被动的主语，而另一个保持不动。但是，当直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前应加上介词to或for。

  • The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation. -> I was given some good advice on the pronunciation. -> Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.老师给我提了一些关于发音方面的好建议。
  • My father gave me a motorcycle on my birthday. -> A motorcycle was given to me by my father on my birthday. -> I was given a motorcycle by my father on my birthday.

• 含有复合宾语的主动句，即“主语+宾语+宾语补足语”：把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补保持不动（成为主语补足语，简称主补）。

  • We call him Lihua. -> He is called Lihua.我们叫他李华。
  • They painted the room white. -> The room was painted white.他们把房间刷成了白色。

• 感官动词和使役动词后接动词原型做宾补，变为被动语态时，需要在动词原型前加上省略的不定式符号to，即”be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth"。

  • They saw her enter the meeting room just now. -> She was seen to enter the meeting room just now.刚才他们看见她进入了会议室。

• 含有动词短语（作谓语）的主动句：谓语为及物动词短语的主动句方可变为被动语态。

  • They take good care of these children. -> These children are taken good care of.他们把这些孩子照顾的非常好。
  • We should make full use of the good chance. -> The good chance should be made full use of.我们应该充分利用这次好机会。

主动形式表示被动意义

• 说明主语的性质、特性的动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如：lock、open、read、sell、teach、wash、write 等
  • The cloth washes well.这种布料很容易洗。
  • A freshly baked cake doesn't cut easily.刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。
• 表示感官的连系动词，用主语形式表达被动意义，如：smell、feel、taste、sound 等。
  • This piece of music sounds good.这段音乐听起来不错。
  • Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很美味。
• 某些动词后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义，如：need、want、require、worth 等。
  • The bike needs repairing.这辆自行车需要修理。
  • Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。